Original Investigation
Return-to-Play for Athletes With Long QT Syndrome or Genetic Heart Diseases Predisposing to Sudden Death

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.026Get rights and content
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Abstract

Background

Within the last 5 years, cardiac society guidelines have begun to acknowledge shared decision making (SDM) for the athlete with sudden cardiac death–predisposing genetic heart diseases (GHDs), such as long QT syndrome (LQTS), and the possibility for that athlete’s return to play. Previously, international guidelines embraced a de facto disqualification for all such athletes including athletes with solely a positive genetic test in Europe.

Objectives

This study sought to examine the prevalence and outcomes of athletes with sudden cardiac death–predisposing GHDs, particularly LQTS, after their return to play.

Methods

A retrospective review of the electronic medical record was performed on all athletes with GHD, with a primary analysis for those with LQTS, who were evaluated, risk stratified, and treated in Mayo Clinic’s Windland Smith Rice Genetic Heart Rhythm Clinic by a single genetic cardiologist between July 1, 2000, and July 31, 2020.

Results

There were 672 athletes with GHD overall including 494 athletes with LQTS (231 female athletes [46.8%]; mean age at diagnosis 14.8 ± 10.5 years; mean follow-up 4.2 ± 4.8 years) who were given return-to-play approval. Overall, 79 of 494 athletes with LQTS (16.0%) were symptomatic before diagnosis, and 58 (11.7%) had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. In 2,056 combined years of follow-up, there was no GHD–sports associated mortality. Instead, 29 patients (5.9%) had ≥1 nonlethal, LQTS-associated breakthrough cardiac event. Of those, 15 (3.0%) were athletes at the time of the breakthrough cardiac event, with 3 (0.6%) experiencing a sports-related breakthrough cardiac event, and 12 (2.4%) a non–sports-related event. Overall, the event rate was 1.16 nonlethal events per 100 athlete-years of follow-up.

Conclusions

This 20-year single center experience challenges the status quo of disqualification for all athletes with LQTS and provides additional observational evidence, albeit from a single center, in support of the more contemporary SDM approaches to this complex issue.

Key Words

athlete
genetic heart disease
long QT syndrome
return to play
RTP
shared decision making
sudden cardiac death

Abbreviations and Acronyms

BCE
breakthrough cardiac event
COVID-19
coronavirus disease-2019
GHD
genetic heart disease
LQTS
long QT syndrome
RTP
return to play
SCD
sudden cardiac death
SDM
shared decision making

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