Role of non-coding RNAs as biomarkers of deleterious cardiovascular effects in sepsis
Section snippets
Background
Sepsis is “a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection damages its tissues”.1 Despite advances in therapeutic approaches and treatments applied in Intensive Care Units (ICU), sepsis has been estimated to have an incidence of 48 million cases per year worldwide. It continues to be the leading cause of death from infection, counting more than 11 million deaths annually,2 of which nearly 3 million are newborns.3 Moreover, sepsis is the most frequent
Role of MicroRNAs in SIC
miRNAs are conserved, short (17–25 nt) ncRNAs, which regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level.26 miRNAs are promising biomarkers in a wide range of diseases due to their ability to control different molecular processes and their stability in various body fluids, like blood, semen, or urine, forming part of exosomes or protein-bound conjugates.27
Interestingly, several studies demonstrated the correlation between the level of circulating miRNAs and the diagnosis and prognosis of
Role of long non-coding RNA in SIC
LncRNAs are a class of regulatory RNA composed of more than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into a protein.43,44 Many studies have revealed the capacity of lncRNAs for remodeling the chromatin and regulating gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in response to various stimuli.45 They can generally be classified as scaffold molecules, guide molecules, decoy molecules, or signaling molecules.45, 46, 47 LncRNAs dysregulation causes an impact on cellular
Role of circular RNA in SIC
circRNA has recently attracted research focused on non-coding RNAs.80 CircRNAs are found free in the cell cytoplasm or stored in exosomes that come from protein-coding or non-coding genes produced by back-splicing process.81 One of the most important characteristics of circRNAs as biomarkers is that circRNAs are present in most mammalian tissues82 but they are highly expressed in specific tissues and development stages.83,84 Moreover, circRNAs usually exhibit higher stability and abundance.85
Conclusions and future perspectives
Recent research in epigenetics, particularly in non-coding RNAs, will contribute to understanding VB injury as a complication of sepsis, especially for SIC and also in CVD after sepsis.
As we described, several non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs) mediate several mechanisms underlying CV dysfunction in sepsis (Fig. 1), including inflammation, oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte cell death, ischemic cardiomyopathy, myocardial dysfunction, and injury, and activation of vascular endothelial
Funding and acknowledgements and conflict of interest/disclosures
J.B-G. is supported by a Contratos i-PFIS grant (IFI18/00015) and R.O-V. is supported by Contratos PFIS grant (FI20/00202) from AES-ISCIII and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). E.N-S. is supported by Fundació Mutua Madrileña (AP174352020). F·S-G. is supported by a grant Dr. Juan Peset Aleixandre from the Valencian Medical Institute. J.L.G-G. thanks AES (ISCIII) for grant number PI19/00994, co-financed by ERDF. This research was also supported by Agencia Valenciana de
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