Original Article
Relation between myocardial blood flow and cardiac events in diabetic patients with suspected coronary artery disease and normal myocardial perfusion imaging

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-021-02533-wGet rights and content

Abstract

Background

We assessed the prognostic value of structural abnormalities and coronary vasodilator function in diabetic patients referred to a PET/CT for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

We studied 451 diabetics and 451 nondiabetics without overt CAD and normal myocardial perfusion. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) was computed from the dynamic rest and stress imaging. Myocardial flow reserve (MFR) was defined as ratio of hyperemic to baseline MBF and was considered reduced when < 2.

Results

During a mean follow-up of 44 months 33 events occurred. Annualized event rate (AER) was higher in diabetic than nondiabetic patients (1.4% vs 0.3%, P < .001). Diabetic patients with reduced MFR had higher AER compared to those with preserved MFR (3.3% vs 0.4%, P < .001). At Cox analysis, age, BMI and reduced MFR were independent predictors of events in diabetic patients. Patients with diabetes and reduced MFR had lower event-free survival compared to nondiabetic patients and MFR < 2 (P < .001). Event-free survival was similar in patients with diabetes and normal MFR and those without diabetes and reduced MFR.

Conclusions

Diabetic patients with reduced MFR had higher AER and lower event-free survival compared to those with preserved MFR and to nondiabetic patients.

Spanish Abstract

Antecedentes

Se evaluó el valor pronóstico de las alteraciones estructurales y la función vasodilatadora coronaria en pacientes diabéticos remitidos a PET/CT por sospecha de enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC).

Métodos

Se estudiaron a 451 diabéticos y 451 no diabéticos sin EAC manifiesta y perfusión miocárdica normal. Se calculó el flujo sanguíneo miocárdico (MBF) a partir de las imágenes dinámicas en reposo y estrés. La reserva de flujo miocárdico (MFR) se definió como la relación entre la MBF en hiperemia entre el basal y se consideró reducida al ser <2.

Resultados

Durante un seguimiento promedio de 44 meses ocurrieron 33 eventos. La tasa anual de eventos (TAE) fue mayor en los pacientes diabéticos que en los no diabéticos (1.4% frente a 0.3%, P <.001). Los pacientes diabéticos con MFR reducido tuvieron una TAE más alta en comparación con aquellos con MFR preservado (3.3% vs 0.4%, P <. 001). En el análisis de Cox, la edad, el IMC y el MFR reducido fueron predictores independientes de eventos en pacientes diabéticos. Los pacientes con diabetes y MFR reducido tuvieron una supervivencia libre de eventos más baja en comparación con los pacientes no diabéticos y MFR <2 (P <. 001). La supervivencia libre de eventos fue similar en pacientes con diabetes y MFR normal y aquellos sin diabetes y MFR reducido.

Conclusiones

Los pacientes diabéticos con MFR reducido tuvieron una mayor TAE y una menor supervivencia libre de eventos en comparación con aquellos con MFR conservado y con los pacientes no diabéticos.

Chinese Abstract

背景

99m锝-焦磷酸盐成像已成为诊断运甲状腺素蛋白心脏淀粉样变性(ATTR-CM)的一种重要的非侵入性方法。 在SPECT图像上定量分析99m锝-焦磷酸盐的活性可能是ATTR-CM疾病严重程度的标志。 本文评估了99m锝-焦磷酸盐定量分析的诊断准确性和临床意义。

方法与结果

接受99m锝-焦磷酸盐成像的疑似ATTR-CM的患者纳入本研究。在SPECT图像中,使用心脏焦磷酸盐活性(CPA)和受累体积(VOI)计算心肌中的放射性示踪剂活性,并根据LVBP活性得出异常活性的阈值。 使用接受者操作特征曲线下的面积(AUC)评估诊断准确性。

本实验共入组124例患者,平均年龄为73±11.4,其中43例(34.7%)患者被诊断为ATTR-CM。 CPA的诊断准确度最高(AUC 0.996,95%CI 0.987 - 1.00),与Perugini评分相比明显更高(AUC 0.952,p = 0.016)。 在ATTR-CM的患者中,CPA与左心室射血分数降低(调整后的优势比1.28,p = 0.035)和心衰住院(调整后的危险比1.29,p = 0.006)相关。

结论

使用CPA或VOI定量评估心肌放射性示踪剂的活性对ATTR-CM具有很高的诊断准确性。 两种方法都是潜在的非侵入性指标,可跟踪疾病的进展或治疗效果。

French Abstract

Contexte

Nous avons évalué la valeur pronostique des anomalies structurelles et de la vasodilatation coronaire chez les patients diabétiques qui nous ont été envoyé pour un examen TEP/TDM pour suspicion de maladie artérielle coronaire (MAC).

Méthodes

Nous avons étudié 451 diabétiques et 451 non-diabétiques sans MAC manifeste et avec une perfusion myocardique normale. Le débit sanguin myocardique (DSM) a été calculé sur bases des images TEP/TDM de repos et de stress. La réserve de perfusion myocardique (RPM) a été définie comme le rapport entre l’hyperémie myocardique et la perfusion myocardique de base et a été considérée comme réduite avec un rapport inferieur à 2.

Résultats

Au cours d’un suivi moyen de 44 mois, 33 événements cardiaques ont été enregistrés. Le nombre d’événements cardiaques annualisés (ECA) s’est avéré plus élevé chez les patients diabétiques que chez les patients non diabétiques (1,4% vs 0,3%, P <0,001). Les patients diabétiques dont la RPM était réduite ont montré un nombre d’ECA plus élevé que ceux dont la RPM était préservée (3,3% vs 0,4%, P <0,001). L’analyse statistique basée sur la méthode Cox a montré que, l’âge, l’IMC et la réduction de la RPM sont des paramètres indépendants chez les patients diabétiques. Les patients atteints de diabète avec une réduction de leur RPM ont eu une survie avec un nombre plus élevés d’événements cardiaques par rapport aux patients non diabétiques avec une RPM inferieure à 2 (P <.001). La survie sans événements cardiaques s’est révélée similaire chez les patients atteints de diabète avec une RPM normale et ceux sans diabète avec une RPM réduite.

Conclusions

Dans cette étude, les patients diabétiques avec un MFR réduit ont eu une survie entachée d’un nombre plus important d’événements cardiaques par rapport aux diabétiques avec une réserve de perfusion myocardique préservée et aux patients non diabétiques.

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is associated with higher cardiovascular mortality compared to general population. This aspect could be also related to correlation of diabetic status with cardiovascular risk factors that may contribute to increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD).1 However, beyond traditional risk factors other mechanisms are involved in the increased cardiovascular risk among patients with diabetes, such as the effect of the disease on endothelial function.2 In diabetic patients there is an evidence of structural and functional alterations of coronary arteries and diffuse atherosclerosis process, which may improve the prediction of cardiovascular events. In particular, diffuse atherosclerosis is associated with higher prevalence of impaired myocardial flow reserve (MFR), reflecting both the presence of epicardial coronary artery stenosis and microvascular dysfunction.3 Reduced MFR is associated with higher rate of cardiac mortality in diabetic patients with and without known CAD, demonstrating that probably microvascular dysfunction may be an early manifestation of CAD.4 In addition, coronary artery calcium (CAC), an index of atherosclerotic burden, is higher in diabetic subjects.5,6 Despite the presence of inverse relationship between MFR and CAC score in a general population,7 a recent study demonstrated that diabetic patients had lower MFR regardless all CAC score categories as compared to nondiabetics, showing that the two process were different entities.8 The prognostic impact of microvascular dysfunction and atherosclerosis has been evaluated in subjects with suspected CAD referred to CAC scoring and MFR evaluation, as a part of the same examination by positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT).9,10 It has been demonstrated that at any level of severity of coronary calcification, impaired MFR identified patients at higher short-term risk of adverse cardiac events.9 Only few studies investigated the prognostic rule of coronary vascular function and atherosclerosis burden in diabetic patients without overt CAD. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic value of measures of structural abnormalities and coronary vasodilator function in diabetic patients referred to a PET/CT study for suspected CAD and showing normal myocardial perfusion.

Section snippets

Patient Population

We studied 3974 consecutive patients referred to PET/CT as a part of their diagnostic work-up. Patients (n = 1920) have been excluded for: (1) documented history of CAD defined as luminal stenosis > 50% at coronary angiography, previous percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft surgery or myocardial infarction; (2) uncontrolled atrial fibrillation, pacemaker or prosthetic valve. Sixty-three patients were excluded for the presence of abnormal myocardial perfusion imaging

Results

Of the 1991 patients enrolled, follow-up data were not available in 149 patients (7%), leaving 1842 subjects for the analysis. Among these latter patients, 452 (24%) had a history of type-2 diabetes and 1390 (76%) did not. All diabetic patients were in controlled condition, showing HbA1c values between 6.5% and 7.5%. Patients clinical characteristics and imaging findings in relation to diabetic status are described in Table 1. As shown, before propensity score diabetic patients showed higher

Discussion

Diabetes represents an increasing problem and cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in diabetic population.1 It has demonstrated that the higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors would probably taking into account for the high cardiovascular mortality.22 However, in diabetics other important factors could affect the probability of cardiovascular disease. Both macro- and microvasculature involvement in diabetic cardiovascular disease have been demonstrated.23 In

New knowledge gained

The results of this study add new information about the prognostic value of coronary vascular dysfunction by 82Rb cardiac PET/CT in diabetic patients with suspected CAD and normal MPI. In particular, the study highlighted that noninvasive measure of coronary vascular dysfunction by MFR may help to better stratify diabetic patients.

Conclusion

Diabetic patients with reduced MFR showed a higher event rate and lower event-free survival compared to those with preserved MFR and to nondiabetic patients with preserved or reduced MFR. Interestingly, event rate and event-free survival was similar in patients with diabetes and normal MFR and subjects without diabetes and reduced MFR.

Funding

Open access funding provided by Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II within the CRUI-CARE Agreement.

Disclosure

R. Assante, C.G. Mainolfi, E. Zampella, V. Gaudieri, C. Nappi, T. Mannarino, A. D’Antonio, P. Arumugam, M. Petretta, A. Cuocolo and W. Acampa have indicated that they have no financial conflict of interest.

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