Original Research
Evolution of Myocardial Dysfunction in Asymptomatic Patients at Risk of Heart Failure

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.09.032Get rights and content
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Abstract

Objectives

The determinants of changes in systolic and diastolic parameters in patients age >65 years, at risk of heart failure (HF), and with and without asymptomatic type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was assessed by echocardiography. The association between metformin and myocardial function was also assessed.

Background

The increasing prevalence of T2DM will likely further fuel the epidemic of HF. Understanding the development or progression of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction may inform effective measures for HF prevention.

Methods

A total of 982 patients with at least one HF risk factor (hypertension, obesity, or T2DM) were recruited from 2 community-based populations and divided into 2 groups: T2DM (n = 431, age 71 ± 4 years) and non-T2DM (n = 551, age 71 ± 5 years). Associations of metformin therapy were evaluated in the T2DM group. All underwent a comprehensive echocardiogram, including global longitudinal strain (GLS) and diastolic function (transmitral flow [E], annular velocity [e’]) at baseline and follow-up (median 19 months [interquartile range: 17 to 26 months]). Comparisons were facilitated by propensity matching.

Results

A reduction in GLS was observed in the T2DM group (baseline −17.8 ± 2.6% vs. follow-up −17.4 ± 2.8%; p = 0.003), but not in the non-T2DM group (−18.7 ± 2.7% vs. −18.6 ± 3.0%; p = 0.41). Estimated LV filling pressures increased in both the T2DM group (p = 0.001) and the non-T2DM group (p = 0.04). Metformin-treated patients with T2DM did not increase estimated LV filling pressure (E/e’ baseline 8.9 ± 2.7 vs. follow-up 9.1 ± 2.7; p = 0.485) or change e’ (7.6 ± 1.5 cm/s vs. 7.6 ± 1.8 cm/s; p = 0.88). After propensity matching, metformin was associated with a smaller change in e’ (β = 0.58 [95% CI: 0.13 to 1.03]; p = 0.013) and E/e’ (β = −0.96 [95% CI: −1.66 to −0.26]; p = 0.007) but was not associated with a change in GLS (p = 0.46).

Conclusions

Over 2 years, there is a worsening of GLS and LV filling pressures in asymptomatic diabetic patients with HF risk factors. Metformin use is associated with less deterioration of LV filling pressures and myocardial relaxation but had no association with systolic function.

Key Words

diastolic dysfunction
metformin
myocardial strain
type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AMPK
adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
CAD
coronary artery disease
CV
cardiovascular
GLP-1 RA
glucagon-like protein-1 receptor agonist
GLS
global longitudinal strain
HF
heart failure
LV
left ventricular
SGLT-2i
sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor
T2DM
type 2 diabetes mellitus

Cited by (0)

Allan Klein, MD, served as Guest Editor for this paper.

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