Objective: In patients with peripheral artery disease, blockages in arterioles <1 mm cannot be treated surgically, and there are currently few effective medicines. Studies have shown that inflammation in ischemic tissue is related to injury recovery and angiogenesis, but insufficient attention has been paid to this area. Studies have suggested that HMGB1 (high mobility group protein 1), which is released by ischemic tissue, promotes angiogenesis, but the mechanism is not entirely clear. In this study, we tested the internalization of HMGB1 in endothelial cells and investigated a novel proangiogenic pathway. Approach and Results: Using green fluorescent protein-tagged HMGB1 to stimulate endothelial cells, we demonstrated HMGB1 internalization via dynamin and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products)-dependent signaling. Using a fluorescence assay, we detected internalized protein fusion to lysosomes, followed by activation of CatB (cathepsin B) and CatL (cathepsin L). The latter promoted the release of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)-A and endoglin and upregulated the capacities of cell migration, proliferation, and tube formation in endothelial cells. We identified that the cytokine-induced fragment-a key functional domain in HMGB1-mediates the internalization and angiogenic function of HMGB1. We further confirmed that HMGB1 internalization also occurs in vivo in endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis in mouse femoral artery ligation.
Conclusions: In this study, we identified a novel pathway of HMGB1 internalization-induced angiogenesis in endothelial cells. This finding sheds light on the regulatory role of inflammatory factors in angiogenesis through cell internalization and opens a new door to understand the relationship between inflammation and angiogenesis in ischemic diseases.
Keywords: cell movement; endothelial cells; ischemia; peripheral artery disease; upregulation.