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Mean BMI, visit-to-visit BMI variability and BMI changes during follow-up in patients with acute myocardial infarction with systolic dysfunction and/or heart failure: insights from the High-Risk Myocardial Infarction Initiative

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Abstract

Background

In patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 and a decrease in BMI during follow-up have been associated with poor prognosis. For BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, an “obesity paradox” has been suggested. Recently, high visit-to-visit BMI variability has also been associated with poor prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease.

Aims

To simultaneously evaluate several BMI measurements and study their association with cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in a large cohort of patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, heart failure (HF) or both.

Methods

The high-risk MI dataset is pooled from four trials: CAPRICORN, EPHESUS, OPTIMAAL and VALIANT. Mean BMI, change from baseline, and variability were assessed during follow-up. The primary outcome was CV death. Cox-proportional hazard models were performed to study the association between the various BMI parameters and outcomes (median follow-up = 1.8 years).

Results

A total of 12,719 patients were included (72% male, mean age 65 ± 11 years). Mean, change and visit-to-visit variability in BMI had a non-linear association with CV death (P < 0.001). Mean BMI < 26 kg/m2 (vs. ≥ 26–35 kg/m2) and BMI decrease during follow-up were independently associated with CV death (adjusted HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.16–1.51, P < 0.001 and adjusted HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.40–1.76, P < 0.001, respectively). Low and high BMI variability (< 2% and > 4%) were associated with increased event-rates, but lost statistical significance in sensitivity analysis including patients with ≥ 5 measurements or excluding patients with HF hospitalization, suggesting that BMI variability may be particularly associated with HF hospitalizations.

Conclusion

Mean BMI < 26 kg/m2 and a BMI decrease during follow-up were independently associated with CV death in patients with MI and LV systolic dysfunction, HF or both. These associations likely reflect poorer patient status and causality cannot be inferred.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Pierre Pothier for editing the manuscript. SS, JF, NG, PR were supported by a Contrat de Plan Etat Lorraine, FEDER, and a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the second “Investissements d’Avenir” program (reference: ANR-15-RHU-0004), and GEENAGE Impact Lorraine Université d’Excellence—reference ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université de Lorraine, INSERM, Centre d’Investigation Clinique et Plurithématique 1433, INSERM U1116, CHRU de Nancy, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), Nancy, France

    Susan Stienen, João Pedro Ferreira, Nicolas Girerd, Zohra Lamiral, Faiez Zannad & Patrick Rossignol

  2. Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit, Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    João Pedro Ferreira

  3. Université de Lorraine, Institut Elie Cartan de Lorraine, UMR 7502, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France

    Kévin Duarte

  4. CNRS, Institut Elie Cartan de Lorraine, UMR 7502, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France

    Kévin Duarte

  5. Team BIGS, INRIA, 54600, Villers-lès-Nancy, France

    Kévin Duarte

  6. BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK

    John J. V. McMurray

  7. Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, USA

    Bertram Pitt

  8. Department of Cardiology, University of Bergen, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway

    Kenneth Dickstein

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  1. Susan Stienen
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For the High-Risk Myocardial Infarction Database Initiative

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Correspondence to Patrick Rossignol.

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All authors are members of the High-Risk Myocardial Infarction Database Initiative.

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Stienen, S., Ferreira, J.P., Girerd, N. et al. Mean BMI, visit-to-visit BMI variability and BMI changes during follow-up in patients with acute myocardial infarction with systolic dysfunction and/or heart failure: insights from the High-Risk Myocardial Infarction Initiative. Clin Res Cardiol 108, 1215–1225 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-019-01453-7

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