Background: Conducting channels are the target for ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation. Conducting channels could be identified with contrast enhanced-cardiac magnetic resonance (ce-CMR) as border zone (BZ) corridors. A 3-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of the ce-CMR could allow visualization of the 3D structure of these BZ channels.
Methods and results: We included 21 patients with healed myocardial infarction and VT. A 3D high-resolution 3T ce-CMR was performed before CARTO-guided VT ablation. The left ventricular wall was segmented and characterized using a pixel signal intensity algorithm at 5 layers (endocardium, 25%, 50%, 75%, epicardium). A 3D color-coded shell map was obtained for each layer to depict the scar core and BZ distribution. The presence/characteristics of BZ channels were registered for each layer. Scar area decreased progressively from endocardium to epicardium (scar area/left ventricular area: 34.0±17.4% at endocardium, 24.1±14.7% at 25%, 16.3±12.1% at 50%, 13.1±10.4 at 75%, 12.1±9.3% at epicardium; P<0.01). Forty-five BZ channels (2.1±1.0 per patient, 23.7±12.0 mm length, mean minimum width 2.5±1.5 mm) were identified, 85% between the endocardium and 50% shell and 76% present in ≥1 layer. The ce-CMR-defined BZ channels identified 74% of the critical isthmus of clinical VTs and 50% of all the conducting channels identified in electroanatomic maps.
Conclusions: Scar area in patients with healed myocardial infarction decreases from the endocardium to the epicardium. BZ channels, more commonly seen in the endocardium, display a 3D structure within the myocardial wall that can be depicted with ce-CMR. The use of ce-CMR-derived maps to guide VT ablation warrants further investigation.
Keywords: catheter ablation; conducting channels; magnetic resonance imaging; myocardial infarction; ventricular tachycardia.