The association between Day-1 urine cadmium excretion and 30-day mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A multi-institutional cohort study

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between day-1 urine cadmium excretion and 30-day mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) at two centers.

Methods: A total of 286 patients (222 males and 64 females) with AMI from Huashan Hospital, Shanghai and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan were enrolled. Basic vital signs, history, laboratory results, and day-1 urine excretion of cadmium (D1UECd) were recorded. Disease severity was assessed during the first hospitalization using Killip score, APACHE II score, and SOFA score. The main endpoint was 30-day mortality.

Results: Among the 286 patients, 218 were from Chung Gung Memorial Hospital and 68 were from Huashan Hospital with an average age of 64.2 years. Forty (14%) patients died within 30 days after AMI. The average 24-h urine cadmium level among the Chung Gung Memorial Hospital cohort was 1.5 ± 2.4 μg compared to 1.7 ± 1.7 μg among Huashan Hospital cohort, both higher than the local populations. A higher D1UECd level was significantly associated with a greater risk of 30-day mortality (odds ratio 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.30-2.16) after controlling for a number of covariates. The ability of D1UECd to discriminate 30-day mortality was excellent, with a very high area under the curve (87.2%, 95% CI 82.0-92.5%).

Conclusion: D1UECd was positively correlated and an independent predictor of 30-day mortality in the enrolled AMI patients. D1UECd may be a simple, objective prognostic scoring system in AMI patients.