Longitudinal High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Longer-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes in Optimally-Treated Patients With High-Risk Vascular Disease

The relation between serial high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and long-term major cardiovascular events (MACEs; cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, hospitalization for unstable angina) has not been explored in optimally-treated patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We tested the hypothesis that longitudinal follow-up hsCRP (repeated measures over time) would associate with 30-month MACE rates. We performed a post hoc analysis of ACCELERATE (Assessment of Clinical Effects of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitor with Evacetrapib in Patients with High-Risk for Vascular Outcomes), involving optimally-treated patients with high-risk vascular disease, with available baseline and at least 1 follow-up hsCRP level. Using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, we determined the association of longitudinal follow-up hsCRP with MACE at 30 months among 8,563 patients (aged 64.6 ± 9 years, 22% women). Patients with incident MACE (n = 961) had higher baseline hsCRP levels (1.77 vs 1.46 mg/L, p <0.0001 for patients with and without MACE, respectively) and showed an upward trajectory during follow-up, whereas median hsCRP levels remained <2 mg/L at all time points (1.83 vs 1.53 mg/L, 1.91 vs 1.53 mg/L, 1.76 vs 1.37 mg/L, at 3, 12, and 24 months, respectively). In a multivariable analysis, higher longitudinal hsCRP levels were independently associated with MACE (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] per SD 1.19 [1.10 to 1.29], p <0.001), the majority of its individual components and all-cause death. Multivariable models containing longitudinal hsCRP provided improved predictive ability of MACE over baseline hsCRP. In the setting of established medical therapies, longitudinal follow-up hsCRP was independently associated with long-term MACE. In conclusion, these findings suggest that longitudinal hsCRP represents a novel approach of residual cardiovascular risk even when on-treatment hsCRP levels remain <2 mg/L.