Combining echo-derived haemodynamic phenotypes and myocardial strain for risk stratification of chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023 Mar 21;24(4):483-491. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeac127.

Abstract

Aims: Echocardiography has shown to categorize heart failure (HF) patients according to haemodynamic profiles. Whether left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) could integrate echo-derived haemodynamic profiles to risk stratify chronic HF patients is still unknown.

Methods and results: Chronic HF outpatients with LV ejection fraction (LV-EF) <50% (n = 351) and LV-GLS assessment were evaluated and divided according to four haemodynamic phenotypes based on LV stroke volume index (SVI), LV filling pressure (LVFP), and right ventricular (RV) function: normal output-normal LVFP (NO-NP), normal output-high LVFP (NO-HP), low output-no RV dysfunction (LO-NRVD), and low output-RV dysfunction (LO-RVD). RV function was defined using the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and RV free-wall longitudinal strain. The median follow-up duration was 3.3 years. The combination of all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. The prevalence of NO-NP, NO-HP, LO-NRVD, and LO-RVD were 38%, 22%, 30%, and 10%, respectively. The haemodynamic model independently predicted primary and secondary outcomes, with incremental prognostic information over LV-EF (all P-values <0.001 for C-statistics). When univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the prognostic stratification capability of LV-GLS in different haemodynamic subgroups, we observed a reduction in LV-GLS hazard ratios from the NO-NP to the LO-RVD for every endpoint.

Conclusion: There was a continuum in LV-GLS impairment across the spectrum of haemodynamic phenotypes and its prognostic value resulted variable depending on the types of chronic HF patients. The highest prognostic information added by LV-GLS was in patients with normal SVI.

Keywords: Strain; echocardiography; haemodynamic; heart failure; outcome; ventricular function.

MeSH terms

  • Chronic Disease
  • Heart Failure*
  • Hemodynamics
  • Humans
  • Phenotype
  • Prognosis
  • Risk Assessment
  • Stroke Volume
  • Ventricular Dysfunction, Left*
  • Ventricular Function, Left