Association of Chronic Respiratory Symptoms With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: Findings From the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study

Chest. 2022 Apr;161(4):1036-1045. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.10.029. Epub 2021 Nov 2.

Abstract

Background: Respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) frequently coexist; however, there is limited evidence on the relationship between chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood and late-onset CVD.

Research question: Are chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood associated with CVD and all-cause mortality in later life?

Study design and methods: A total of 4,621 participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA) cohort study aged 18 to 30 years were included. Chronic respiratory symptoms were identified through respiratory symptom questionnaires in two consecutive examinations. Incident CVD and all-cause mortality were adjudicated over 30-year follow-up. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to explore the association of chronic respiratory symptoms with incident CVD and all-cause mortality.

Results: During a median follow-up of 30.9 years, 284 CVD events (6.15%) and 378 deaths (8.18%) occurred. Following multivariable adjustment for demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, and lung function, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) for CVD events were 1.51 (1.18-1.93) for any respiratory symptom, 1.57 (1.18-2.09) for cough or phlegm, 1.31 (1.01-1.68) for wheeze, 1.73 (1.25-2.41) for shortness of breath, and 1.32 (1.01-1.71) for chest illnesses. Similar findings were also observed in all-cause mortality. Comparing zero vs three to four respiratory symptoms, the hazard ratios (95% CIs) were 1.97 (1.34-2.91) for CVD and 1.75 (1.23-2.47) for all-cause mortality. Similar results were observed in various sensitivity analyses.

Interpretation: Chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood are associated with an increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality in midlife independent of established cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, and lung function. Identifying chronic respiratory symptoms in young adulthood may help provide prognostic information regarding future cardiovascular health.

Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT00005130; URL: https://www.

Clinicaltrials: gov.

Keywords: CARDIA study; cardiovascular disease; chronic respiratory symptoms; cohort study; young adulthood.

Publication types

  • Clinical Study
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Cardiovascular Diseases* / epidemiology
  • Cause of Death
  • Chronic Disease
  • Cohort Studies
  • Coronary Vessels
  • Humans
  • Incidence
  • Proportional Hazards Models
  • Respiratory Tract Diseases* / epidemiology
  • Risk Factors
  • Young Adult

Associated data

  • ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT00005130